How US Tax Brackets Work (Marginal Rates Made Simple)
US federal income tax is progressive, which means different portions of your income are taxed at different rates.
Two key terms:
- Marginal tax rate: the rate on your next dollar of income
- Effective tax rate: total tax ÷ total income
To estimate taxes and compare scenarios, use:
You don’t pay your top bracket on all your income
Example (simplified):
- 10% bracket up to $10,000
- 20% bracket above $10,000
If you earn $15,000:
- 10% on first $10,000 = $1,000
- 20% on remaining $5,000 = $1,000
Total tax = $2,000 → effective rate 13.3%, not 20%.
Withholding vs tax owed
Payroll withholding is an estimate. Your actual tax owed depends on:
- deductions and credits
- filing status
- other income
For planning, estimate your net income with the After-Tax Income Calculator.
FAQ
What is the difference between marginal and effective tax rate?
Marginal rate applies to your next dollar. Effective rate is the average rate on your total income.
Do deductions change your bracket?
Deductions reduce taxable income, which can reduce the amount taxed at higher brackets.
Are tax brackets updated each year?
Yes, brackets and standard deduction amounts often change due to inflation adjustments.
Why did my refund change even if income stayed similar?
Changes in withholding, credits, or deductions can change your refund. Your refund is the difference between withholding and tax owed.
How can I estimate my taxes quickly?
Use the Income Tax Calculator and compare outcomes with the Effective Tax Rate Calculator.